What is diabetes? types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

What is diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy. With diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it does make.

Diabetes types 

There are a few different types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, where insulin is made. It’s unclear what causes this attack. About 10 percent of people with diabetes have this type.
• Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin, and sugar builds up in your blood.
• Prediabetes occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal, but it’s not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
• Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar during pregnancy. Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes.

A rare condition called diabetes insipidus is not related to diabetes mellitus, although it has a similar name. It’s a different condition in which your kidneys remove too much fluid from your body.

Causes

Different causes are associated with each type of diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes

Doctors don’t know exactly what causes type 1 diabetes. For some reason, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Genes may play a role in some people. It’s also possible that a virus sets off the immune system attack.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes stems from a combination of genetics and lifestyle factors. Being overweight or obese increases your risk too. Carrying extra weight, especially in your belly, makes your cells more resistant to the effects of insulin on your blood sugar.

This condition runs in families. Family members share genes that make them more likely to get type 2 diabetes and to be overweight.

Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is the result of hormonal changes during pregnancy. The placenta produces hormones that make a pregnant woman’s cells less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This can cause high blood sugar during pregnancy.

Women who are overweight when they get pregnant or who gain too much weight during their pregnancy are more likely to get gestational diabetes.

Symptoms

Diabetes symptoms are caused by rising blood sugar.

General symptoms

The general symptoms of diabetes include:

• increased hunger
• increased thirst
• weight loss
• frequent urination
• blurry vision
• extreme fatigue
• sores that don’t heal

Symptoms in men

In addition to the general symptoms of diabetes, men with diabetes may have a decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction (ED), and poor muscle strength.

Symptoms in women

Women with diabetes can also have symptoms such as urinary tract infections, yeast infections, and dry, itchy skin.

Type 1 diabetes

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can include:

• extreme hunger
• increased thirst
• unintentional weight loss
• frequent urination
• blurry vision
• tiredness

It may also result in mood changes.

Type 2 diabetes

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes can include:

• increased hunger
• increased thirst
• increased urination
• blurry vision
• tiredness
• sores that are slow to heal

It may also cause recurring infections. This is because elevated glucose levels make it harder for the body to heal.

Gestational diabetes

Most women with gestational diabetes don’t have any symptoms. The condition is often detected during a routine blood sugar test or oral glucose tolerance test that is usually performed between the 24th and 28th weeks of gestation.

In rare cases, a woman with gestational diabetes will also experience increased thirst or urination.

Diagnosis

Anyone who has symptoms of diabetes or is at risk for the disease should be tested. Women are routinely tested for gestational diabetes during their second or third trimesters of pregnancy.

Doctors use these blood tests to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes:

• The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures your blood sugar after you’ve fasted for 8 hours.
• The A1C test provides a snapshot of your blood sugar levels over the previous 3 months.

To diagnose gestational diabetes, your doctor will test your blood sugar levels between the 24th and 28th weeks of your pregnancy.

• During the glucose challenge test, your blood sugar is checked an hour after you drink a sugary liquid.
• During the 3 hour glucose tolerance test, your blood sugar is checked after you fast overnight and then drink a sugary liquid.

The earlier you get diagnosed with diabetes, the sooner you can start treatment. Find out whether you should get tested, and get more information on tests your doctor might perform.

Treatment

Doctors treat diabetes with a few different medications. Some of these drugs are taken by mouth, while others are available as injections.

Type 1 diabetes

Insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes. It replaces the hormone your body isn’t able to produce.

There are four types of insulin that are most commonly used. They’re differentiated by how quickly they start to work, and how long their effects last:

• Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within 15 minutes and its effects last for 3 to 4 hours.
• Short-acting insulin starts to work within 30 minutes and lasts 6 to 8 hours.
• Intermediate-acting insulin starts to work within 1 to 2 hours and lasts 12 to 18 hours.
• Long-acting insulin starts to work a few hours after injection and lasts 24 hours or longer.

Type 2 diabetes

Diet and exercise can help some people manage type 2 diabetes. If lifestyle changes aren’t enough to lower your blood sugar, you’ll need to take medication.

These drugs lower your blood sugar in a variety of ways:

Types of drug	How they work	Example(s)
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors	Slow your body’s breakdown of sugars and starchy foods	Acarbose (Precose) and miglitol (Glyset
Biguanides	Reduce the amount of glucose your liver makes	Metformin (Glucophage)
DPP-4 inhibitors	Improve your blood sugar without making it drop too low	Linagliptin (Tradjenta), saxagliptin (Onglyza), and sitagliptin (Januvia)
Glucagon-like peptides	Change the way your body produces insulin	Dulaglutide (Trulicity), exenatide (Byetta), and liraglutide (Victoza)
Meglitinides	Stimulate your pancreas to release more insulin	Nateglinide (Starlix) and repaglinide (Prandin)
SGLT2 inhibitors	Release more glucose into the urine	Canagliflozin (Invokana) and dapagliflozin (Farxiga)
Sulfonylureas	Stimulate your pancreas to release more insulin	Glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase), glipizide (Glucotrol), and glimepiride (Amaryl)
Thiazolidinediones	Help insulin work better	Pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia)

You may need to take more than one of these drugs. Some people with type 2 diabetes also take insulin.

Gestational diabetes

You’ll need to monitor your blood sugar level several times a day during pregnancy. If it’s high, dietary changes and exercise may or may not be enough to bring it down.

According to the Mayo Clinic, about 10 to 20 percent of women with gestational diabetes will need insulin to lower their blood sugar. Insulin is safe for the growing baby.

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How to Treat Hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids are actually blood vessels found in the anus (ANUS), which is caused by constant blood pressure, especially when the pressure is on the blood vessels in the abdomen and lower body. Although some veins do not tolerate this pressure, they flower and form wax.

There are three types of hemorrhoids in terms of ants: one internal, the other middle, and the third external. The inner hemorrhoids are deep inward and cannot be seen or felt in general. They do not cause any pain or discomfort. - This condition occurs in the external hemorrhoids, but in this case the blood is released from the wounds.

In the middle hemorrhoids, pain, inflammation and anemia are all three.

External hemorrhoids are prone to infection (swelling), riding or rubbing waste. If transfused, inflammation increases and discomfort increases and it becomes difficult to insert wipes. The ones that emit blood, produce bloody hemorrhoids, and the ants that do not emit blood, produce bad hemorrhoids.

The disease is usually unhealthy to people who eat very high chili spices and are accustomed to carbohydrates, especially fat-rich foods. These people eat more meat. They are not included in the diet and even if they are in small quantities. An important cause of infection is constipation.

Because constipation causes constant pressure on the blood vessels in the anus, the blood vessels are opened and blood vessels become obstructed during this time.

Then, in case of constipation, the hard and dry waste is discharged. The friction and itching of the blood vessels open the mouth and the wound starts to bleed out, which later forms a wipe. Worms, especially walking (THREAD WORMS), also play an important role in the cause of the disease.

Because they live in the lower part of the intestine and start laying eggs in the anus at night, they bite, causing severe anxiety and itching in the anus.

Their bite and patient's tremors cause anal wounds, and persistent itching can cause hemorrhoids. Occasionally, even after getting hurt, bruised, or sunburned.

Hemorrhoids are not only caused by constipation, but also include diarrhea for many days, especially when high-impact medications are eaten for longer or there are diarrhea that may cause diarrhea. Create ecstasy.

Liver disorders can also result in hemorrhoids, especially when liver function slows down and blood vessels begin to accumulate slowly in the blood vessels associated with it.

People who drink alcohol also suffer from hemorrhoids. Although the disease is more common in the same family, it is mainly due to their dietary habits and lifestyle.

For example, it is customary for some families or people in certain areas to eat spicy peppers. Some people eat more fat and meat. Some people are not interested in sports and exercise.

Some classes are not able to find time for work because of business engagements, even though the nature of their work is that they have to spend more time sitting and coming to the office and home by personal car. No walking opportunities.

Sometimes the disease is inherently transmitted from parent to child. Often it is seen that women complain of hemorrhoids during pregnancy. As the baby gets older, the pressure of the uterus surrounds the blood vessels. It causes bleeding there. Blood clotting causes pressure on the walls of the veins and causes hemorrhoids. Such hemorrhoids often go away after the birth of a baby, but sometimes they later chase. Does not leave

In the first pregnancy, its chances are high, when the baby is abnormally healthy, the birth of twins is expected, the mother is prone to obesity. During pregnancy, she complains of severe constipation. They stay in the wet place for a long time, after humidity, moisture is maintained for a long time and does not take care of thorough cleaning.

Sometimes the hemorrhoids last for years, but they are unknown.

This usually occurs in bad hemorrhoids. It is possible to diagnose when there is excessive bleeding or bleeding. Sometimes when diagnosed with another disease, when diagnosed with intestine, it is found that hemorrhoids are infected. They are also present. The types of hemorrhoids, in which the warts occur internally and medially, do not appear or feel, so they are diagnosed late.

One of the distinguishing features of hemorrhoids is that after relieving, the feeling remains that the stomach is not yet cleansed and there is more intestinal tract in the intestine. This feeling causes the patient to go to the toilet again and again. These wounds are caused by cure, as well as after cure, for example constipation, blood pressure in the lower blood vessels or changes in daily intake, ie constipation. Eat nutritious foods.

Foods that intensify or cause irritation in the intestines, should be eaten sparingly, such as meat and eggs, hot spices, beef and cayenne pepper, etc.

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WHAT IS AIDS? Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

WHAT IS AIDS?

AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. Once HIV infection develops into AIDS, infections and cancer pose a greater risk.

Without treatment, HIV infection is likely to develop into AIDS as the immune system gradually wears down. However, advances in ART mean than an ever-decreasing number of people progress to this stage.

By the close of 2015, around 1,122,900 people were HIV-positive. To compare, figures from 2016 show that medical professionals diagnosed AIDS in an estimated 18,160 people.

Causes

People transmit HIV in bodily fluids, including:

• blood
• semen
• vaginal secretions
• anal fluids
• breast milk

In the United States, the main causes of this transfer of fluids are:

• anal or vaginal intercourse with a person who has HIV while not using a condom or PrEP, a preventive HIV medication for people at high risk of infection
• sharing equipment for injectable illicit drugs, hormones, and steroids with a person who has HIV

A woman living with HIV who is pregnant or has recently given birth might transfer the disease to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

The risk of HIV transmitting through blood transfusions is extremely low in countries that have effective screening procedures in place for blood donations.

Symptoms

For the most part, infections by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites cause the more severe symptoms of HIV.

These conditions tend to progress further in people who live with HIV than in individuals with healthy immune systems. A correctly functioning immune system would protect the body against the more advanced effects of infections, and HIV disrupts this process.

Early symptoms of HIV infection

Some people with HIV do not show symptoms until months or even years after contracting the virus.

However, around 80 percent of people may develop a set of flu-like symptoms known as acute retroviral syndrome around 2–6 weeks after the virus enters the body.

The early symptoms of HIV infection may include:

• fever
• chills
• joint pain
• muscle aches
• sore throat
• sweats. particularly at night
• enlarged glands
• a red rash
• tiredness
• weakness
• unintentional weight loss
• thrush

These symptoms might also result from the immune system fighting off many types of viruses.

However, people who experience several of these symptoms and know of any reason they might have been at risk of contracting HIV over the last 6 weeks should take a test.

Asymptomatic HIV

In many cases, after the symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome, symptoms might not occur for many years.

During this time, the virus continues to develop and cause immune system and organ damage. Without medication that prevents the replication of the virus, this slow process can continue for an average of around 10 years.

A person living with HIV often experiences no symptoms, feels well, and appears healthy.

Complying rigidly to a course of ART can disrupt this phase and suppress the virus completely. Taking effective antiretroviral medications for life can halt on-going damage to the immune system.

Late-stage HIV infection

Without medication, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage is known as AIDS or stage 3 HIV.

Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may include:

• blurred vision
• diarrhea, which is usually persistent or chronic
• dry cough
• a fever of over 100 °F (37 °C) lasting for weeks
• night sweats
• permanent tiredness
• shortness of breath, or dyspnea
• swollen glands lasting for weeks
• unintentional weight loss
• white spots on the tongue or mouth

During late-stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life-threatening illness increases greatly. A person with late-stage HIV can control, prevent and treat serious conditions by taking other medications alongside HIV treatment.

HIV and AIDS myths and facts

Many misconceptions circulate about HIV that are harmful and stigmatizing for people with the virus.

The following cannot transmit the virus:

• shaking hands
• hugging
• kissing
• sneezing
• touching unbroken skin
• using the same toilet
• sharing towels
• sharing cutlery
• mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or other forms of "casual contact"
• the saliva, tears, feces, and urine of a person with HIV

Diagnosis

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that about 1 in every 7 HIV-positive Americans is unaware of their HIV status.

Becoming aware of HIV status is vital for commencing treatment and preventing the development of more severe immune difficulties and subsequent infections.

HIV blood tests and results

A doctor can test for HIV using a specific blood test. A positive result means that they have detected HIV antibody in the bloodstream. The blood is re-tested before a positive result is given.

After potential exposure to the virus, early testing and diagnosis is crucial and greatly improves the chances of successful treatment. Home testing kits are also available.

HIV might take 3 - 6 months to show up in testing, and re-testing may be necessary for a definitive diagnosis. People at risk of infection within the last 6 months can have an immediate test. The test provider will normally recommend another test within a few weeks.

Treatment

No cure is currently available for HIV or AIDS.

However, treatments can stop the progression of the condition and allow most people living with HIV the opportunity to live a long and relatively healthy life.

Starting ART early in the progression of the virus is crucial. This improves quality of life, extends life expectancy, and reduces the risk of transmission, according to the WHO's guidelines from June 2013.

More effective and better-tolerated treatments have evolved that can improve general health and quality of life by taking as little as one pill per day.

A person living with HIV can reduce their viral load to such a degree that it is no longer detectable in a blood test. After assessing a number of large studies, the CDC concluded that individuals who have no detectable viral load "have effectively no risk of sexually transmitting the virus to an HIV-negative partner."

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Two more Chinese patients recover from Corona virus in UAE

Two more Chinese patients recover from Corona virus in UAE

There are fathers and sons who return to life by battling obesity

Abu Dhabi : Worldwide, the fear of the Corona virus is waning. According to reports so far, the death toll from China's outbreak of Corona virus has increased to more than 1,500 and more than 60,000 people have been infected with the virus. While more than two dozen countries have reached the Karuna virus patients in the United Arab Emirates, so far eight patients have been exposed to the Karuna virus.

Due to which the UAE people are very worried. The good thing, however, is that all patients are recovering slowly. The Emirates Ministry of Health has announced that two more patients have been recovered from the Corona virus in the UAE. Both lucky patients are from China and both are sons and daughters.

The father is 41 years old and the son is 8 years old.

In this way the number of patients infected with Corona virus has increased to three. According to the Ministry of Health, the well-being of Corona virus patients is proof that the best and latest medical and medical facilities are available in Emirates hospitals. The UAE's medical system has the potential to cope with infectious diseases as well. Protecting the health and lives of local and immigrant residents in the UAE is one of the government's top priorities.

On this occasion, the Chinese Consul General also met the two recovering fathers at the hospital. Chinese citizen Li Yuang did this on behalf of the UAE government and thanked his son for saving his leadership, exemplifying the leadership here. And he also thanked the doctors for their ability and attention to treatment. However, Dr Fatima al-Attar, a woman who treated the two Chinese, said that our efforts brought color and we were able to save the lives of these two Chinese.

Which is also an expression of solidarity with the Chinese people infected with the Krona virus from the Emirates. A few days ago, the Ministry of Health was told that a Chinese-infected Chinese patient has been completely healed in the state. According to the Ministry of Health, the virus recovered from China belongs to China. He was diagnosed with the disease late last month and is being treated in the UAE.

Healthy Chinese woman Liu Yujia thanked Emirates for all possible help in the treatment. Liu Yujia said that the Emirates provided her and all the other members of her family with the convenience. It shows that everyone here is taking advantage of the government's facilities and kindnesses. While China's Consul General Li Xiang in the UAE has also offered all possible help and support to the Chinese citizens affected by coronavirus. Thanked the UAE government.

Medical doctor of the Chinese doctor, Hussein Abdul Rahman Alrand, said that the Chinese woman's medical tests are making it clear that the corona virus has no effect. ۔

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